Mere:
is a syncategorematic expression and it is used to emphasize that something is
not large or important and is not quantifiable. Its use informs us about
attitudes, not facts.
Scientist:
someone who studies science or works in science; this expression condemns the
confusion of technical jargon and empirical trappings with whatever 'real'
science is.
Meaning:
The meaning of words, sings or actions is that they represent or show. The word
meaning locates a task without telling us how to go about its study.
Linguistics:
Is the scientific study of language, also called linguistic science.
Linguistics covers different approaches and different areas of investigation
such as sounds systems, sentence structure
Legitimate
data: Real information.
Method:
a particular way of doing something, often one that involves a system or plan.
Evidence:
something that makes you believe that something its true or exists/information
and answer questions in a court of law.
Feasible
goals: an aim or desired result possible to do
easily or conveniently.
Mentalism:
is a performing art in which its
practitioners, known as mentalists,
appear to demonstrate highly developed mental or intuitive abilities/it
is a dualism and recognizes two kinds: mental and
material of data, experience,, study
goals and methods of study.
Speech: The faculty or act of speaking.
Behaviorism:
is a theory of learning based upon the idea that all behaviors are acquired
through conditioning. According to behaviorism, behavior can be studied in a
systematic and observable manner with no consideration of internal mental
states.
Dualistic:
the view that the world consists of
or is explicable as two fundamental entities, such as mind and matter.
Monistic: The view in metaphysics that reality is
a unified whole and that all existing things can be ascribed to or described by
a single concept or system./ The doctrine that mind and matter are formed from,
or reducible to, the same ultimate substance or principle of being.
Ethnography:
The branch of anthropology that
deals with the scientific description of specific human cultures.
Anthropology:
the study of the human race, its culture and society and its physical
development.
Postulates:
to ask, demand, or claim.
/ Something taken as self-evident
or assumed without proof as a basis for reasoning.
Postulation
method: is assumptions or axioms is fully adequate
in mathematics, it is a method of clarifying and simplifying the whole process
of argumentation.
Form:
it expresses its meaning.
Utterance:
The power of speaking; speech.
Morpheme: A meaningful linguistic unit consisting of a
word, such as man, or a word element, such as -ed in walked, that cannot be divided into smaller
meaningful parts.
Word
phrase: the smallest bit of language that has its
own meaning
Assumption:
A phrase may contain a bound form which is not part of a word, such a bound
form is a phrase-formative.
Phonemes:
it is the branch of science that deals with sound-production. Any of the
abstract units of the phonetic system of a language that correspond to a set of
similar speech sounds which are perceived to be a single distinctive sound in
the language
Parts
of speech:
Classifications of words according to their relations to each otherand to the things they represent. Different parts of speech nameactions, name the performers of actions, describe the performersor actions, and so on.
The common parts of speech areadjectives, adverbs, articles, conjunctions, interjections, nouns,
prepositions, pronouns and verbs.
Alternation: variation in the form of a linguistic unit as itoccurs in different environments or under differentconditions, as between the -ed and -en forms of the pastparticiple in danced and spoken or between the (t) and (d)pronunciations of the past tense suffix -ed in hopped and
rubbed.
Historical
linguistics: is the branch of linguistics that
focuses on the interconnections between different languages in the world and/or
their historical development.
The
literary standard: is accessible through
general or personal education effort, transcends geographic and social
barriers, and is used on occasions described as formal.
Colloquial
standard: is observed in situations lacking formal
behaviors among observably privileged classes within a larger speech meaning.
Provincial
standard: is observed among those remote
geographically from the formative environments of cultural centers.
Sub-standard:
speech behavior is found among those who must interact daily as peers with each
other, but only occasionally, and as subordinates, to the privileged; their
goals, satisfactions, reinforcement, and opportunities differ markedly from
those of standard speakers, although they may occupy identical territory.
Local
dialect: is that of an interacting group with which
others have so little contact that dialect speakers are incomprehensible
without considerable attention. The occasions of difference are time, plus geographic
and/or educational isolation.
Presuppositions:
to suppose or assume beforehand; take for granted in advance.
Palatalization:
During the production of a consonant, the tongue and lips take up, as far as
compatible with the main features of the phoneme, the position of a front
vowel, etc.
Velarization:
in which the tongue is retracted as for a back vowel.
Labialized:
pronounced with secondary labial articulation.
Contrasts:
to differ in a way that can serve to distinguish
meanings for example :
The sounds ( p ) and ( b ) contrast in the words “pin”and “bin.”
Reference:
is a static relation, dynamic process or action linking (c) to (a), mediated by
(b).
Sense:
is a state, process, or action within an inside the speakers, by which a speech
is related to an outside the speaker.
Expression:
If meaning is sense: it is a static relation, process, or action relating a
speech and inside the speaker. If meaning is sense-and-reference: it is a
static relation, process, or action linking an aspect of outside the speaker
mediated by inside the speaker.
Referent:
is a static relation, dynamic process or action, is a sense in behaviorist a
disposition to respond, the thing is called referent a bit of object.
Denotation:
is a reference and/or referent / is a direct specific meaning as distinct from
an implied or associated idea.
Connotations:
are subjective or specialized in feelings or ideas that are suggested by a
particular word although it need not be a part of the word's meaning, or
something suggested by an object or situation.
Situation:
it includes every object and happening in there, hence an aspect of outside the
speaker which speaker and hearer equally constitute, distinct only by their
individual conditioning by the rest of outside the speaker in the past.
Demonstration:The act or circumstance of proving or being proved
conclusively, as by reasoning or a show of evidence:
a belief in capable of demonstration.
Empiricism:
The posteriori or inductive approach is claimed to discover structure in data.
Modulation: the act of modulating or the condition of being modulated.
Syntax: the
grammatical arrangement of words in a sentence.
Sandhi:
is the label for features of modulation and phonetic modification important to
many syntactic structures.
Endocentric:
Having the same syntacticfunction in the sentence as one of its immediate constituents
Exocentric:
Two or more parts of a phrase that are different parts of speech and, when
combined, form another part of speech which is different from all of the parts.
Order:
an authoritative direction or instruction; command; mandate.
Binarisim
revisited: Ambiguous or inadequate elements in
combination compound ambiguity or inadequacy.
Structure:
the aggregate of elements of an entity in their relationships to each other.
Pattern:
an artistic, musical, literary, or mechanical design or form.
Design:
o plan and fashion artistically or skillfully.
A
priori: Deduction /Expression often
used to disparage other’s work and invite approbation of one´s own,
usually dad.
A
posteriori: Induction /Expression often
used to disparage other’s work and invite approbation of one´s own,
usually good.
Rationalism:
the a priori or deductive approach has been said to impose structure upon
data.
Structural
description: Description based in the structure of
something.
Valid:
logically correct.
Correct: Truth
is not popularly distinguished from validity, but validity can be viewed as
subsuming true and correct.
Form-classes:
a group of words distinguished by common inflections, such as the weak verbs of
English.
Lexicon:
the vocabulary of a language, an individual speaker or group of speakers, or a
subject.
Cultural
borrowing: is a loanword that was adopted to express a concept that is new to the recipient language speakers' culture/ is taking ideas,
customs, and social behaviors from another culture or civilization.
Intimate
borrowing: the
borrowing of linguistic forms by one language or dialect from another when both
occupy a single geographical or cultural community.
Dialect borrowing: its very nature this kind of borrowing is difficult to identify. It usually shows up, however, in detailed comparative work as inconsistent sound correspondences and/or as dialect chaining, Dialect borrowing therefore poses problems for the traditional family tree model of language diversification.
Dialect borrowing: its very nature this kind of borrowing is difficult to identify. It usually shows up, however, in detailed comparative work as inconsistent sound correspondences and/or as dialect chaining, Dialect borrowing therefore poses problems for the traditional family tree model of language diversification.
Mechanical: Mechanical forces are physical forces that cause objects or matter to
move.
Bibliography
·
Anthology: Linguistic theory
II
·
Cambridge
Learner's Dictionary, third edition,2008
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