jueves, 31 de mayo de 2012
Glossary
Mere:
is a syncategorematic expression and it is used to emphasize that something is
not large or important and is not quantifiable. Its use informs us about
attitudes, not facts.
Scientist:
someone who studies science or works in science; this expression condemns the
confusion of technical jargon and empirical trappings with whatever 'real'
science is.
Meaning:
The meaning of words, sings or actions is that they represent or show. The word
meaning locates a task without telling us how to go about its study.
Linguistics:
Is the scientific study of language, also called linguistic science.
Linguistics covers different approaches and different areas of investigation
such as sounds systems, sentence structure
Legitimate
data: Real information.
Method:
a particular way of doing something, often one that involves a system or plan.
Evidence:
something that makes you believe that something its true or exists/information
and answer questions in a court of law.
Feasible
goals: an aim or desired result possible to do
easily or conveniently.
Mentalism:
is a performing art in which its
practitioners, known as mentalists,
appear to demonstrate highly developed mental or intuitive abilities/it
is a dualism and recognizes two kinds: mental and
material of data, experience,, study
goals and methods of study.
Speech: The faculty or act of speaking.
Behaviorism:
is a theory of learning based upon the idea that all behaviors are acquired
through conditioning. According to behaviorism, behavior can be studied in a
systematic and observable manner with no consideration of internal mental
states.
Dualistic:
the view that the world consists of
or is explicable as two fundamental entities, such as mind and matter.
Monistic: The view in metaphysics that reality is
a unified whole and that all existing things can be ascribed to or described by
a single concept or system./ The doctrine that mind and matter are formed from,
or reducible to, the same ultimate substance or principle of being.
Ethnography:
The branch of anthropology that
deals with the scientific description of specific human cultures.
Anthropology:
the study of the human race, its culture and society and its physical
development.
Postulates:
to ask, demand, or claim.
/ Something taken as self-evident
or assumed without proof as a basis for reasoning.
Postulation
method: is assumptions or axioms is fully adequate
in mathematics, it is a method of clarifying and simplifying the whole process
of argumentation.
Form:
it expresses its meaning.
Utterance:
The power of speaking; speech.
Morpheme: A meaningful linguistic unit consisting of a
word, such as man, or a word element, such as -ed in walked, that cannot be divided into smaller
meaningful parts.
Word
phrase: the smallest bit of language that has its
own meaning
Assumption:
A phrase may contain a bound form which is not part of a word, such a bound
form is a phrase-formative.
Phonemes:
it is the branch of science that deals with sound-production. Any of the
abstract units of the phonetic system of a language that correspond to a set of
similar speech sounds which are perceived to be a single distinctive sound in
the language
Parts
of speech:
Classifications of words according to their relations to each otherand to the things they represent. Different parts of speech nameactions, name the performers of actions, describe the performersor actions, and so on.
The common parts of speech areadjectives, adverbs, articles, conjunctions, interjections, nouns,
prepositions, pronouns and verbs.
Alternation: variation in the form of a linguistic unit as itoccurs in different environments or under differentconditions, as between the -ed and -en forms of the pastparticiple in danced and spoken or between the (t) and (d)pronunciations of the past tense suffix -ed in hopped and
rubbed.
Historical
linguistics: is the branch of linguistics that
focuses on the interconnections between different languages in the world and/or
their historical development.
The
literary standard: is accessible through
general or personal education effort, transcends geographic and social
barriers, and is used on occasions described as formal.
Colloquial
standard: is observed in situations lacking formal
behaviors among observably privileged classes within a larger speech meaning.
Provincial
standard: is observed among those remote
geographically from the formative environments of cultural centers.
Sub-standard:
speech behavior is found among those who must interact daily as peers with each
other, but only occasionally, and as subordinates, to the privileged; their
goals, satisfactions, reinforcement, and opportunities differ markedly from
those of standard speakers, although they may occupy identical territory.
Local
dialect: is that of an interacting group with which
others have so little contact that dialect speakers are incomprehensible
without considerable attention. The occasions of difference are time, plus geographic
and/or educational isolation.
Presuppositions:
to suppose or assume beforehand; take for granted in advance.
Palatalization:
During the production of a consonant, the tongue and lips take up, as far as
compatible with the main features of the phoneme, the position of a front
vowel, etc.
Velarization:
in which the tongue is retracted as for a back vowel.
Labialized:
pronounced with secondary labial articulation.
Contrasts:
to differ in a way that can serve to distinguish
meanings for example :
The sounds ( p ) and ( b ) contrast in the words “pin”and “bin.”
Reference:
is a static relation, dynamic process or action linking (c) to (a), mediated by
(b).
Sense:
is a state, process, or action within an inside the speakers, by which a speech
is related to an outside the speaker.
Expression:
If meaning is sense: it is a static relation, process, or action relating a
speech and inside the speaker. If meaning is sense-and-reference: it is a
static relation, process, or action linking an aspect of outside the speaker
mediated by inside the speaker.
Referent:
is a static relation, dynamic process or action, is a sense in behaviorist a
disposition to respond, the thing is called referent a bit of object.
Denotation:
is a reference and/or referent / is a direct specific meaning as distinct from
an implied or associated idea.
Connotations:
are subjective or specialized in feelings or ideas that are suggested by a
particular word although it need not be a part of the word's meaning, or
something suggested by an object or situation.
Situation:
it includes every object and happening in there, hence an aspect of outside the
speaker which speaker and hearer equally constitute, distinct only by their
individual conditioning by the rest of outside the speaker in the past.
Demonstration:The act or circumstance of proving or being proved
conclusively, as by reasoning or a show of evidence:
a belief in capable of demonstration.
Empiricism:
The posteriori or inductive approach is claimed to discover structure in data.
Modulation: the act of modulating or the condition of being modulated.
Syntax: the
grammatical arrangement of words in a sentence.
Sandhi:
is the label for features of modulation and phonetic modification important to
many syntactic structures.
Endocentric:
Having the same syntacticfunction in the sentence as one of its immediate constituents
Exocentric:
Two or more parts of a phrase that are different parts of speech and, when
combined, form another part of speech which is different from all of the parts.
Order:
an authoritative direction or instruction; command; mandate.
Binarisim
revisited: Ambiguous or inadequate elements in
combination compound ambiguity or inadequacy.
Structure:
the aggregate of elements of an entity in their relationships to each other.
Pattern:
an artistic, musical, literary, or mechanical design or form.
Design:
o plan and fashion artistically or skillfully.
A
priori: Deduction /Expression often
used to disparage other’s work and invite approbation of one´s own,
usually dad.
A
posteriori: Induction /Expression often
used to disparage other’s work and invite approbation of one´s own,
usually good.
Rationalism:
the a priori or deductive approach has been said to impose structure upon
data.
Structural
description: Description based in the structure of
something.
Valid:
logically correct.
Correct: Truth
is not popularly distinguished from validity, but validity can be viewed as
subsuming true and correct.
Form-classes:
a group of words distinguished by common inflections, such as the weak verbs of
English.
Lexicon:
the vocabulary of a language, an individual speaker or group of speakers, or a
subject.
Cultural
borrowing: is a loanword that was adopted to express a concept that is new to the recipient language speakers' culture/ is taking ideas,
customs, and social behaviors from another culture or civilization.
Intimate
borrowing: the
borrowing of linguistic forms by one language or dialect from another when both
occupy a single geographical or cultural community.
Dialect borrowing: its very nature this kind of borrowing is difficult to identify. It usually shows up, however, in detailed comparative work as inconsistent sound correspondences and/or as dialect chaining, Dialect borrowing therefore poses problems for the traditional family tree model of language diversification.
Dialect borrowing: its very nature this kind of borrowing is difficult to identify. It usually shows up, however, in detailed comparative work as inconsistent sound correspondences and/or as dialect chaining, Dialect borrowing therefore poses problems for the traditional family tree model of language diversification.
Mechanical: Mechanical forces are physical forces that cause objects or matter to
move.
Bibliography
·
Anthology: Linguistic theory
II
·
Cambridge
Learner's Dictionary, third edition,2008
Investigation: Linguistic change in Spanish language by the impact of social networks.
Linguistic change in Spanish
language by the impact of social networks.
Nowadays the impact of the social networks and the new technologies
affect the language, especially in young's between 13 to 16 years old.
Young people write without thinking of grammar rules, and they invent
abbreviated words and new phrases to communicate among themselves.
These are real examples of a young girl of 14 year old:
word
|
Meaning
|
Aylobiu
|
I love you
|
Moxa♥
|
Hermosa
|
Sipi- Nop
|
Sí-No
|
Tqdmc
|
Te quiero demasiado
|
x
|
Por
|
The objective of this work is to recognize the changes on the new
generations in the Spanish language; other objective is to understand new
words, phrases and contractions of the words between the young people but
mostly to know if it is true that the impact of social networking is affecting
the grammar.
Social networks play an important role in determining
the dynamics and outcome of language change[1]
Facebook
has opened the door to shorthand typing, abbreviations, emoticons and text
lingo. Those messages include many grammar and spelling errors posted
across profiles for everyone to see.
It's
a daily ritual for many of us. You log onto Facebook, change your
status, comment on others' and, then, you see them! Those mistakes!
A missing apostrophe here,
a misspelled word there and the misuse of homophones everywhere! [2]
Hypotheses
·
I think these changes are just deformations of
language that have been subject to time.
I believe that young
people use such words or phrases to enter
the social circle that develops in these social networks.
ANTHROPOLOGICAL LINGUISTIC
Anthropological
linguistics is the... study of the relationship between language and culture;it usually refers to
work on languages that have no written records. In the United States a close relationship
between anthropology and linguistics developed as a result
of research by anthropologists into the American Indian cultures and languages.
Early students in this field discovered what they felt to be significant
relationships between the languages, thought, and cultures of the Indian groups. The issue of the relatedness
of language and culture is still a controversial one, and it is now thought by
many scholars that the relationship is not as close as was first suspected.
Anthropologists currently draw on linguistic techniques primarily for the
analysis of such areas as kinship systems, botanical taxonomies, and colour terms, but a number of anthropologists are still
engaged in fieldwork centring on language description
Anthropological Linguistics provides a forum for the
full range of scholarly study of the languages and cultures of the peoples of
the world, especially the native peoples of the Americas. Embracing the field
of language and culture broadly defined, the journal includes articles and
research reports addressing cultural, historical, and philological aspects of
linguistic study, including analyses of texts and discourse; studies of
semantic systems and cultural classifications; onomastic studies; ethnohistorical
papers that draw significantly on linguistic data; studies of linguistic
prehistory and genetic classification, both methodological and substantive;
discussions and interpretations of archival material; edited historical
documents; and contributions to the history of the field.
Anthropological linguistics is concerned with
- Descriptive (or synchronic) linguistics: Describing dialects (forms of a language used by a specific speech community). This study includes phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and grammar.
- Historical (or diachronic) linguistics: Describing changes in dialects and languages over time. This study includes the study of linguistic divergence and language families, comparative linguistics, etymology, and philology.
- Ethnolinguistics: Analyzing the relationship between culture, thought, and language.
- Sociolinguistics: Analyzing the social functions of language and the social, political, and economic relationships among and between members of speech communities.
Bibliography
I LEARN...
What did I learn?
I learned to use the blog but principally I learned how I can make a blog and different resources that I can used for example I learned to make videos and use a different web pages, an example of web page is Propofs that is an interesting page but complicated to used, Educaplay for me it’s an easy page in which the teachers or students can make games or crosswords. For me nowadays the internet it’s an important thing in the life of the new generations because A blog is important as an educational resource that we can find information through the various issues that give us a bit of general or more specific when a subject in itself, giving us the opportunity to learn something through articles, making it easier, concise and fast.
How did I learn it?
I learn when I was younger, and now I learned how I can use gadgets, I learn with the help of the net and specific pages that explain step by step the form to apply the knowledge.
How it will be useful for me in the future?
In the future I'm going to be a teacher and for me it’s important learn and know different ways to explained; The Blog is an interesting and modern tool for the students. It’s an easy form and cheap to use, I think that nowadays the majority of the students have internet, the blog and social networks facility the teacher the form of communicate with their students and have a better feedback with them.
I learned to use the blog but principally I learned how I can make a blog and different resources that I can used for example I learned to make videos and use a different web pages, an example of web page is Propofs that is an interesting page but complicated to used, Educaplay for me it’s an easy page in which the teachers or students can make games or crosswords. For me nowadays the internet it’s an important thing in the life of the new generations because A blog is important as an educational resource that we can find information through the various issues that give us a bit of general or more specific when a subject in itself, giving us the opportunity to learn something through articles, making it easier, concise and fast.
How did I learn it?
I learn when I was younger, and now I learned how I can use gadgets, I learn with the help of the net and specific pages that explain step by step the form to apply the knowledge.
How it will be useful for me in the future?
In the future I'm going to be a teacher and for me it’s important learn and know different ways to explained; The Blog is an interesting and modern tool for the students. It’s an easy form and cheap to use, I think that nowadays the majority of the students have internet, the blog and social networks facility the teacher the form of communicate with their students and have a better feedback with them.
viernes, 16 de marzo de 2012
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