viernes, 1 de junio de 2012
jueves, 31 de mayo de 2012
Definiciones
1. Sociolingüística
La
sociolingüística es la ciencia que estudia los fenómenos lingüísticos y trata
de relacionarlos con factores de tipo social, tales como:
·
Nivel
socioeconómico
- Edad
- Sexo
- Nivel
de educación formal
- Grupo
étnico
- Aspectos
históricos
- Situación
pragmática
Es
decir, la variación lingüística
es el objetivo central de su estudio, por ejemplo:
¿Por qué ciertas personas
dicen (a) y otros (b)?
¿Quiénes dicen (a) y (b)?
(a) Si tuviera mil dólares, compraría
un yate.
(b) Si tuviera mil dólares, compraba
un yate.
Nos
referimos a la sociolingüística
como el objeto de estudio del lenguaje en relación con la sociedad. Su objetivo
de análisis es la influencia que tienen en una lengua los factores derivados de
las diversas situaciones de uso.
2. Estilística
La estilística es un campo de la lingüística que estudia el uso artístico o estético del lenguaje en las obras literarias y en la lengua común, en sus formas
individuales y colectivas.
La
estilística lingüística concibe el estilo como el conjunto objetivo de
características formales ofrecidas por un texto como resultado de la variación
lingüística o de las intenciones de su autor. La mayor parte de las
aplicaciones informáticas de verificación de estilo se basan en la adscripción
del texto analizado a un género o variedad lingüístico-estilístico determinado
y en la comparación de los rasgos lingüísticos característicos de este género
con los rasgos detectados en el texto. Esto se hace así porque un mismo rasgo lingüístico
puede considerarse propio o impropio del estilo de un texto, aceptable o
inaceptable, según la variedad lingüístico-estilística a la que pertenezca el
texto que lo contiene.
3. Neurolingusitica
Nos referimos a neurolingüística como a la ciencia que estudia los mecanismos del cerebro humano facilitando el conocimiento y la comprensión del lenguaje, ya
sea hablado, escrito o con signos establecidos a partir de su experiencia o de
su propia programación.
La neurolingüística busca
integrar a la persona en un todo y permite influir en ella, de manera sutil,
manteniendo la visión de donde se encuentra la negociación con el otro
individuo y hacia donde se pretende llegar.
Bibliografía
Grammatical Cases of Charles Fillmore & Structural Semantics according to William Chafe´s perspective
Grammatical Cases of Charles Fillmore
Charles J. Fillmore (born 1929) is an American linguist, and an Emeritus Professor of Linguistics at the University of California, Berkeley. He was one of the first linguists to introduce a representation of linguistic knowledge that blurred this strong distinction between syntactic and semantic knowledge of a language.
He introduced what was termed case structure grammar and this representation subsequently had considerable influence on psychologists as well as computational linguists.
Grammar Case is a system of linguistic analysis, focusing on the link between the valence, or number of subjects, objects, etc., of a verb and the grammatical context it requires.
The system was created by the American linguist Charles J. Fillmore in (1968), in the context of Transformational Grammar. This theory analyzes the surface syntactic structure of sentences by studying the combination of deep cases (i.e. semantic roles) Agent, Object, Benefactor, Location or Instrument which are required by a specific verb.
According to Fillmore, each verb selects a certain number of deep cases which form its case frame. Thus, a case frame describes important aspects of semantic valency, of verbs, adjectives and nouns.
Case frames are subject to certain constraints, such as that a deep case can occur only once per sentence. Some of the cases are obligatory and others are optional.
Obligatory cases may not be deleted, at the risk of producing ungrammatical sentences. The case structure representation served to inspire the development of what was termed a frame-based representation in AI research.
Within a frame-base architecture it is quite natural to have these type of inferences triggered by the representation of the sentence. (For those familiar with certain types of Object Oriented programming language; the frame-based architecture in AI was a somewhat more complicated and elaborated programming environment.)
One of the consistent findings in human sentence understanding is that we seem to draw these inferences automatically. And, we rarely remember whether or not such information was explicitly stated in the sentence. This observation is consistent with some of the features of a frame-based representation as suggested by case structure grammar Another aspect of the case grammar representation is that it can be effectively used to parse incomplete or noisy sentences.
For example, while John gave book is not grammatical; it is still possible to create an appropriate case grammar parse of this string of words. However, case grammar is not a particularly good representation for use in parsing sentences that involve complex syntactic constructions. The web page on representing textual information will give you some appreciation of this difficulty.
Charles J. Fillmore (born 1929) is an American linguist, and an Emeritus Professor of Linguistics at the University of California, Berkeley. He was one of the first linguists to introduce a representation of linguistic knowledge that blurred this strong distinction between syntactic and semantic knowledge of a language.
He introduced what was termed case structure grammar and this representation subsequently had considerable influence on psychologists as well as computational linguists.
Grammar Case is a system of linguistic analysis, focusing on the link between the valence, or number of subjects, objects, etc., of a verb and the grammatical context it requires.
The system was created by the American linguist Charles J. Fillmore in (1968), in the context of Transformational Grammar. This theory analyzes the surface syntactic structure of sentences by studying the combination of deep cases (i.e. semantic roles) Agent, Object, Benefactor, Location or Instrument which are required by a specific verb.
According to Fillmore, each verb selects a certain number of deep cases which form its case frame. Thus, a case frame describes important aspects of semantic valency, of verbs, adjectives and nouns.
Case frames are subject to certain constraints, such as that a deep case can occur only once per sentence. Some of the cases are obligatory and others are optional.
Obligatory cases may not be deleted, at the risk of producing ungrammatical sentences. The case structure representation served to inspire the development of what was termed a frame-based representation in AI research.
Within a frame-base architecture it is quite natural to have these type of inferences triggered by the representation of the sentence. (For those familiar with certain types of Object Oriented programming language; the frame-based architecture in AI was a somewhat more complicated and elaborated programming environment.)
One of the consistent findings in human sentence understanding is that we seem to draw these inferences automatically. And, we rarely remember whether or not such information was explicitly stated in the sentence. This observation is consistent with some of the features of a frame-based representation as suggested by case structure grammar Another aspect of the case grammar representation is that it can be effectively used to parse incomplete or noisy sentences.
For example, while John gave book is not grammatical; it is still possible to create an appropriate case grammar parse of this string of words. However, case grammar is not a particularly good representation for use in parsing sentences that involve complex syntactic constructions. The web page on representing textual information will give you some appreciation of this difficulty.
Structural
Semantics according to William Chafe´s perspective
Structural
Semantics is the study of relationships between the meanings of terms within a
sentence, and how meaning can be composed from smaller elements. However,
some critical theorists suggest
that meaning is only divided into smaller structural units via its regulation
in concrete social interactions; outside of these interactions language may
become meaningless.
In the
approaches labelled "Structural semantics" by cognitive linguists, word meanings,
or lexical meanings can
be broken down into atomic semantic
features, which are in a way the distinctive properties of the
meaning of a word.
In accordance
with the objectivist bias of structural semantics, semantic features are
believed to refer to actual properties, objects or relations in the exterior
world.
Syntactic
description has usually taken the sentence to be its basic unit of
organization, although probably no one would deny that systematic constraints
exist across sentence boundaries as well.
From time to
time some attention has been given to “discourse” structure, but the structure
of the sentences has seemed to exhibit a kind of closure which allows it to be
investigated in relative, if not complete, independence.
Language seen
from a semantic perspective, intersentential constraints play a role that is
probably more important than under other views of language, for a number of the
limitations which cross sentence boundaries are clearly semantic in nature.
The term
sentence provides a convenient way of referring to a verb and its accompanying
nouns, the status of sentence as an independent structural entity is doubtful.
There seems no need for some independent symbol as the starting point for
generation of sentences, the verb is all the starting point needed.
A sentence is
either a verb alone, a verb accompanied by one or more nouns, or a
configuration of this kind to which one ore more coordinate or subordinate
verbs have been added.
Bibliography
Leonard Bloomfield
Leonard Bloomfield
Who is Leonard Bloomfield?
Leonard Bloomfield was born on April 1, 1887, in Chicago, He graduated from Harvard College and He founded American structuralism. He is especially known for his book Language (1933), describing the state of the art of linguistics at its time. Bloomfield was the main founder of the Linguistic Society of America.
Which proposes the American structuralism?
The term structuralism is used in many contexts in different disciplines in the 20th century. Structuralism proposes the idea that many phenomena do not occur in isolation, but instead occur in relation to each other, and that all related phenomena are part of a whole with a definite, but not necessarily defined, structure.
The important points of Leonard Bloomfield are:
• Bloomfield was the main founder of the Linguistic Society of America.
• Bloomfield's thought was mainly characterized by its behavioristic principles for the study of meaning, its insistence on formal procedures for the analysis of language data, as well as a general concern to provide linguistics with rigorous scientific methodology.
• Leonard Bloomfield is not only considered one of the best Linguists of his time, he is considered one of the best of all time.
American Structuralism
American structuralism based on structural linguistics developed by Saussure. Bloomfield is known for applying the principles of behaviorist psychology to linguistics, defining "the meaning of a linguistic form as the situation in which the speaker utters it, and the response it calls forth in the hearer." (Oller, 1979).
Sapir's work has always held an attraction for the more anthropologically inclined American linguists. But it was Bloomfield who prepared the way for the later phase of what is now thought of as the most distinctive manifestation of American "structuralism." When he published his first book in 1914, Bloomfield was strongly influenced by Wundt's psychology of language.
In 1933, however, he published a drastically revised and expanded version with the new title Language; this book dominated the field for the next 30 years. In it Bloomfield explicitly adopted a behavioristic approach to the study of language, eschewing in the name of scientific objectivity all reference to mental or conceptual categories. Of particular consequence was his adoption of the behavioristic theory of semantics according to which meaning is simply the relationship between a stimulus and a verbal response. Because science was still a long way from being able to give a comprehensive account of most stimuli, no significant or interesting results could be expected from the study of meaning for some considerable time, and it was preferable, as far as possible, to avoid basing the grammatical analysis of a language on semantic considerations. Bloomfield's followers pushed even further the attempt to develop methods of linguistic analysis that were not based on meaning. One of the most characteristic features of "post-Bloomfieldian" American structuralism, then, was its almost complete neglect of semantics.
Bibliography
http://encyclopedia.kids.net.au/page/st/Structuralism
http://www.soc.hyogo-u.ac.jp/tani/amstructuralsim.htm
http://dona-te.blogspot.mx/2007/11/structuralism-bloomfield.html http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~kemmer/Found/bloomfieldbio.
html http://www.bookrags.com/biography/leonard-bloomfield/
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